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As noted, dyslexia is not just a severe reading disorder characterized by reversals. It is a syndrome of many and varied reading and non-reading symptoms such as:
Reading
- Memory instability for letters, words, or numbers.
- A tendency to skip over or scramble letters, words, and sentences.
- A poor, slow, fatiguing reading ability prone to compensatory head tilting, near-far focusing, and finger pointing.
- Reversals of letters such as b and d, words such as saw and was, and numbers such as 6 and 9 or 16 and 61.
- Letter and word blurring, doubling, movement, scrambling, omission, insertion, size change, etc.
- Poor concentration, distractibility, light sensitivity (photophobia), tunnel vision, delayed visual and phonetic processing, etc.
Writing
- Messy, poorly angulated, or drifting handwriting prone to size, spacing, and letter-sequencing errors.
Spelling, Math, Memory, and Grammar
- Memory instability for spelling, grammar, math, names, dates, and lists, or sequences such as the alphabet, the days of the week and months of the year, and directions.
Speech
- Speech disorders such as slurring, stuttering, minor articulation errors, poor word recall, and auditory-input and motor-output speech lags.
Direction
- Right/left and related directional uncertainty.
Time
- Delay in learning to tell time.
Concentration and Activity
- Impaired concentration, distractibility, hyperactivity, or overactivity
Behavior, Temper, or Impulse disturbances
Balance and Coordination
- Difficulties with balance and coordination functions, i.e., walking, running, skipping, hopping, tying shoelaces, and buttoning buttons.
Psychosomatics
- Difficulties with headaches, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, motion sickness, abdominal complaints, excessive sweating, and bed-wetting.
Self-esteem
- Feeling stupid, ugly, incompetent, brainless.
Phobias and Related Mood and Obsessive/Compulsive Disorders
- Fears of the dark, heights, getting lost, going to school.
- Fear or the avoidance of various balance, coordination, sports, and motion-related activities.
- Mood disturbances.
- Obsessions and compulsions.
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